馃摌 Secci贸n 1: Gram谩tica (explicaci贸n detallada)
1️⃣ Tiempos verbales
Present Simple
馃憠 Se usa para:
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H谩bitos y rutinas: She works every day.
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Hechos generales o verdades universales: The sun rises in the east.
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Horarios (trenes, clases, vuelos): The bus leaves at 7 am.
馃攽 Reglas:
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En tercera persona singular (he/she/it) se agrega -s al verbo: He plays football.
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En negativo/interrogativo usamos do/does:
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She doesn’t like pizza.
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Does he work on Sundays?
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Present Continuous
馃憠 Se usa para:
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Acciones que ocurren en el momento de hablar: She is working right now.
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Planes para el futuro cercano: I’m meeting my friend tomorrow.
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Situaciones temporales: He is living in London this year.
馃攽 Forma:
Sujeto + be (am/is/are) + verbo -ing
I am studying, She is reading, They are playing
Past Simple
馃憠 Se usa para:
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Acciones terminadas en el pasado: He visited Paris last year.
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Narrar hechos pasados: I woke up, had breakfast, and left.
馃攽 Reglas:
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Verbos regulares: se a帽ade -ed (play → played).
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Verbos irregulares: cambian (no siguen regla) → go → went, eat → ate.
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En negativo: didn’t + verbo base → She didn’t watch TV.
Present Perfect
馃憠 Conecta el pasado con el presente.
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Experiencias: I have visited Spain. (alguna vez en la vida).
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Acciones recientes con efecto en el presente: I have just finished my homework.
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Acciones que empezaron en el pasado y contin煤an: I have lived here for 5 years.
馃攽 Forma:
Sujeto + have/has + participio pasado (V3)
I have eaten, She has gone, We have studied
Past Perfect
馃憠 Acci贸n que ocurri贸 antes de otra acci贸n pasada.
-
When I arrived, she had left.
(= ella se fue antes de que yo llegara).
馃攽 Forma:
Sujeto + had + participio pasado
I had studied, They had left, He had eaten
Future (will / going to)
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Will → decisiones espont谩neas, promesas, predicciones.
馃憠 I will call you tomorrow.
馃憠 It will rain tonight. -
Going to → planes ya decididos, intenciones, evidencias.
馃憠 I am going to study tonight.
馃憠 Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain.
2️⃣ Condicionales (If-clauses)
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Type 0 (hechos generales, siempre verdad):
If you heat water, it boils.
(Forma: If + present simple, present simple). -
Type 1 (posible en el presente/futuro):
If it rains, I’ll stay home.
(Forma: If + present simple, will + verbo). -
Type 2 (hipot茅tico en el presente):
If I were rich, I would travel.
(Forma: If + past simple, would + verbo). -
Type 3 (hipot茅tico en el pasado):
If I had studied, I would have passed.
(Forma: If + past perfect, would have + participio).
3️⃣ Modales (Modal Verbs)
Son verbos especiales que no cambian en tercera persona ni necesitan auxiliar para preguntas/negativos.
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Can / Could → habilidad o posibilidad
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She can swim. / When I was a child, I could run fast.
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Should → consejo
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You should see a doctor.
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Must → obligaci贸n fuerte o certeza
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You must wear a seatbelt.
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Might / May → posibilidad
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It might rain later.
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4️⃣ Comparativos y Superlativos
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Adjetivos cortos (1 s铆laba):
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comparativo: +er → tall → taller
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superlativo: the + est → the tallest
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Adjetivos largos (2+ s铆labas):
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comparativo: more → more interesting
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superlativo: the most → the most interesting
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⚠️ Irregulares:
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good → better → the best
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bad → worse → the worst
5️⃣ Oraciones de relativo
Sirven para unir frases y evitar repeticiones.
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who → personas
馃憠 The man who is speaking is my teacher. -
which → cosas/animales
馃憠 The book which is on the table is mine. -
whose → posesi贸n
馃憠 The girl whose phone is ringing is my friend. -
where → lugar
馃憠 That’s the caf茅 where we met.
6️⃣ Voz pasiva (Passive voice)
Se usa cuando la acci贸n es m谩s importante que el sujeto o no sabemos qui茅n la hizo.
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Activa: John wrote the letter.
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Pasiva: The letter was written by John.
馃攽 Forma:
Objeto + be (en el tiempo correcto) + participio pasado.
Ejemplos:
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Present: The car is washed every day.
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Past: The car was washed yesterday.
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Future: The car will be washed tomorrow.